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Seller or associate bids on their own listing to inflate the price. Auction fraud, illegal in most jurisdictions.
Self-bidding: Seller creates second account, bids on own listing. If shill wins → cancels and relists.
Friend/family: Seller asks someone to bid. Same pattern — inflates price, never completes.
Bidding ring: Multiple sellers collude, bidding on each other's listings for artificial competition.
IP/Device Matching
Same IP or device fingerprint between buyer and seller → auto-flag in bid_risk_flags.
Account Linking
Same payment method, shipping address, or phone → linked accounts in account_risk_links.
Pattern Analysis
New account + only bids on one seller + never wins + cancels when wins = shill pattern.
Cancel/Relist Tracking
Frequent cancellation + relist of same item triggers pattern review.
Off-Hour Detection
Bids during 2-6am local with no other activity → flagged for review.
Confirmed shill bidding → immediate permanent ban of all linked accounts. Seller forfeits active listings. Affected buyers notified and refunded above genuine market price. Zero tolerance for auction manipulation.
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Image Risk Scan
Image checks look for manipulation or fabrication.
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EXIF/C2PA
Metadata verification flags missing camera data.
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Video/Scale Photo
Buyers request dated video or scale photo before bidding.